Insight into ADHD diagnosis with deep learning on Actimetry: Quantitative interpretation of occlusion maps in age and gender subgroups.

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Abstract

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood that often persists into adulthood. Objectively diagnosing ADHD can be challenging due to the reliance on subjective questionnaires in clinical assessment. Fortunately, recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have shown promise in providing objective diagnoses through the analysis of medical images or activity recordings. These AI-based techniques have demonstrated accurate ADHD diagnosis; however, the growing complexity of deep learning models has introduced a lack of interpretability. These models often function as black boxes, unable to offer meaningful insights into the data patterns that characterize ADHD.This paper proposes a methodology to interpret the output of an AI-based diagnosis system for combined ADHD in age and gender-stratified populations.Our system is based on the analysis of 24 hour-long activity records using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to classify spectrograms of activity windows. These windows are interpreted using occlusion maps to highlight the time-frequency patterns explaining ADHD activity.Significant differences in the frequency patterns between ADHD and controls both in diurnal and nocturnal activity were found for all the populations. Temporal dispersion also presented differences in the male population.The proposed interpretation techniques for CNNs highlighted gender- and age-related differences between ADHD patients and controls. Leveraging these differences could potentially lead to improved diagnostic accuracy, especially if a larger and more balanced dataset is utilized.Our findings pave the way for the development of an AI-based diagnosis system for ADHD that offers interpretability, thereby providing valuable insights into the underlying etiology of the disease.Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.