Humans use tools. From Handcrafted Tools to Artificial Intelligence.
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Human evolution is instrument-based. humans created tools over two million years ago to aid them hunt, gather, defend. Allowing them to build shelters, farms, transporting goods and people over great distances. Written records preserved our knowledge and experiences for future generations. Instruments have greatly influenced surgery. Knives and needles were utilized by ancient surgeons, whereas lasers, endoscopes, and robotics are utilized today. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the future of surgical instruments, increasing precision through self-evaluation, but development is still in the early stages. Vascular surgery research and practice has used AI-powered systems that can track patient progress and identify vascular disease risk using deep learning and pattern recognition, as well as improved radiological interpretation of vascular imaging and medicine. Using insights and data-driven recommendations, AI-powered decision support systems could help surgeons in enhancing patient outcomes by providing guidance to navigate complex anatomy and identify anomalies. Robots can assist surgeons in performing risky, complex operations with optimal outcomes. Human expertise and artificial intelligence will revolutionize surgery, enhancing its safety, precision, and efficacy. Surgical applications of artificial intelligence raise numerous questions and debates. Data must be representative of all populations, data management must protect the privacy of patients and physicians, and the AI decision-making process must be clarified to produce validated models that can be used ethically. Vascular surgeons’ judgment and experience shouldn’t be automated. Instead, AI should contribute to the efficiency and effectiveness of vascular surgeons. Human clinicians must interpret AI-generated data, use clinical judgment, and build empathy, compassion, and shared decision-making to sustain doctor-patient relationships. From simple tools to complex modern technologies, the history of tools reveals human creativity. Our environment has been altered by technology, ensuring our survival and growth. AI is still a half-told tale that will inspire and amaze us for years to come.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.