A deep learning approach for Direct Immunofluorescence pattern recognition of Autoimmune Bullous Diseases.

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Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping healthcare, using machine and deep learning to enhance disease management. Dermatology has seen improved diagnostics, particularly in skin cancer detection, through the integration of AI. However, the potential of AI in automating immunofluorescence imaging for autoimmune bullous skin diseases remains untapped. While direct immunofluorescence (DIF) supports diagnosis, its manual interpretation can hinder efficiency. The use of deep learning to automatically classify DIF patterns, including the Intercellular Pattern (ICP) and the Linear Pattern (LP), holds promise for improving the diagnosis of autoimmune bullous skin diseases.The objectives of this study are to develop AI algorithms for automated classification of autoimmune bullous skin disease DIF patterns, such as ICP and LP. This aims to enhance diagnostic accuracy, streamline disease management, and improve patient outcomes through deep learning-driven immunofluorescence interpretation.We collected immunofluorescence images from skin biopsies of patients suspected of AIBD between January 2022 and January 2024. Skin tissue was obtained via 5-mm punch biopsy, prepared for direct immunofluorescence. Experienced dermatologists classified the images into three classes: ICP, LP, and negative. To evaluate our deep learning approach, we divided the images into training (436) and test sets (93). We employed transfer learning with pre-trained deep neural networks and conducted 5-fold cross-validation to assess model performance. Our dataset’s class imbalance was addressed using weighted loss and data augmentation strategies. The models were trained for 50 epochs using Pytorch, achieving an image size of 224×224 for both CNNs and the Swin Transformer.Our study compared six CNNs and the Swin transformer for AIBDs image classification, with the Swin transformer achieving the highest average validation accuracy of 98.5%. On a separate test set, the best model attained an accuracy of 94.6%, demonstrating 95.3% sensitivity and 97.5% specificity across AIBDs classes. Visualization with Grad-CAM highlighted the model’s reliance on characteristic patterns for accurate classification.The study highlighted CNN’s accuracy in identifying DIF features. This approach aids automated analysis and reporting, offering reproducibility, speed, data handling, and cost-efficiency. Integrating deep learning in skin immunofluorescence promises precise diagnostics and streamlined reporting in this branch of dermatology.© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of British Association of Dermatologists.